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Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part One: Mold and Template

Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part One: Mold and Template

by Robert J. Spear

Originally published in American Lutherie #93, 2008

see also,
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Two: f-holes by Robert J. Spear
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Three: The Scroll by Robert J. Spear



I have little doubt that artists, artisans, and architects of the Renaissance and Baroque used some system of guidance for their drawings that was based on the knowledge of geometry and the use of straightedge and divider. I began my drawing adventure almost five years ago by following the guidelines for the geometric design of the Model G in Sacconi’s book and soon discovered errors. Even so, I was convinced that it would be worthwhile to use a classical Cremonese approach based on geometry because I wanted to see if I could integrate it with Hutchins and Schelleng’s scaling theories used for the New Violin Family. While the acoustical aspects of the exercise are not germane here, I worked to realize a design system that would essentially produce a second generation of octet instruments close to a classical Cremonese violin in the style of the Model G Stradivari. My goal was to impart a greater uniformity to the octet family’s models, but to keep this article within bounds I have confined my remarks to the violin.

There are those who question whether geometric design really played an important role in violin design and suggest that the model outline could be designed freehand. Others allow that some sort of geometrical or proportion scheme was used, but that it was not based on the golden section. A few ask why one can’t just get a good photo of a good model and enlarge or reduce it at the local copy center. You can (and I did at first), but because strange things start to happen in the larger and smaller instruments during the scaling process, straight scaling does not hold up. Still others, including Sacconi, stress that the eye was the final arbiter of any design, no matter how it was derived. I will attempt to address all of these points in this series of articles.

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Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Two: f-Holes

Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Two: f-Holes

with Robert J. Spear

Originally published in American Lutherie #94, 2008

see also,
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part One: Mold and Template by Robert J. Spear
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Three: The Scroll by Robert J. Spear



The Cremonese design for the f-holes of a violin, at first glance, would appear to be based on the same design philosophy as the body and to make extensive use of the golden section. A. Thomas King, in his article “The Cremonese System for Positioning the f-Holes” in The Strad, shows rather convincingly that golden-section divisions based on the distance between the pins on the body was employed to fix the location of the f-hole eyes, which further reinforces this idea. However, when it comes to f-holes, I would like to suggest that there are a couple of additional jokers in the deck. First, the late Cremonese f-hole is derived from an earlier system of design, and some of the important parts of the predecessor system remain in use; second, an entirely different modulus is used for the f-holes than for the body; and, third, little is based on the golden section.

The Forma G violin, upon which my model is based, is not quite the longest violin Stradivari ever made, but it is the widest. The most notable increase in width is in the center bout, which has another direct impact on the design of the f-hole and its placement. King notes that there is a general method for most Cremonese violins and a specialized adaptation for Stradivari violins. King explained the rather unintuitive step of taking the golden section of the distance between the locating pins in the top as the modulus for positioning the f-holes. I have used his approach here because it has many good points of correlation, and because I found an additional correlation that has convinced me even further that his hypothesis is correct.

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This article is part of our premium web content offered to Guild members. To view this and other web articles, join the Guild of American Luthiers. Members also receive 4 annual issues of American Lutherie and get discounts on products. For details, visit the membership page.

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Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Three: The Scroll

Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Three: The Scroll

with Robert J. Spear

Originally published in American Lutherie #95, 2008

see also,
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part One: Mold and Template by Robert J. Spear
Geometric Design of the Stradivari Model G Violin, Part Two: f-holes by Robert J. Spear



Scrolls are all about spirals, and in mathematics only two kinds of spirals exist: the Archimedean and the logarithmic. The Archimedean is considered a special case because it is the only spiral where the expansion of each complete turn is identical in dimension to the one before or after it. A commonly used example is that of a tightly coiled garden hose laid on a flat surface. All other spirals, including golden-section spirals, are logarithmic. Although the actual distance between turns of log spirals is not uniform, the rate of expansion remains constant.

To the Renaissance geometer and artisan, spirals were a natural form of great beauty and inspiration. A spiral played with the viewer’s visual senses, leading his eye on a merry chase and fooling it with the subtle shifting of its expansion. In modern times, the execution of the scroll is considered one of the few remaining places on the violin where the craftsman can display individuality, originality, and skill — and sometimes even all of these together!

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The Paul Schuback Story

The Paul Schuback Story

from his 1986 GAL Convention lecture

Originally published in American Lutherie #9, 1987 and Big Red Book of American Lutherie Volume One, 2000



Paul Schuback was born in Barbados in the West Indies in 1946 and moved to the United States at the age of nine months. Through his experiences and training, he lived in thirty-three different homes before the age of twenty.

His interest in musical instruments began when he was quite young, when he took up the violin at the age of seven. At the age of nine he began playing the cello, joining a youth symphony orchestra in Utah at the age of fifteen. Then, before graduating high school, he began his career as a luthier with a three-year apprenticeship to master Rene Morizot, in Mirecourt, France. Following this, he specialized in violin making in Mittenwald, Germany. He then became a graduate in bow making at the Morizot Freres again in Mirecourt, France. He continued his studies by researching historical instruments in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. From 1968 to 1971 he worked as journeyman in the Peter Paul Prier violin shop in Salt Lake City, Utah, before moving to Portland, Oregon, where he established his own workshop and where he resides today.

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This article is part of our premium web content offered to Guild members. To view this and other web articles, join the Guild of American Luthiers. Members also receive 4 annual issues of American Lutherie and get discounts on products. For details, visit the membership page.

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Remembering Harry LeBovit

Remembering Harry LeBovit

by Fred Calland

Originally published in American Lutherie #10, 1987 and Big Red Book of American Lutherie Volume One, 2000

 

Harry LeBovit’s company was always and unvaryingly a pleasure, and his companionship was never touched by shyness, aloofness, or anything boring like that.

I can’t remember the first time I met him, and I know why I can’t; the man put me at ease on the spot, probably saying something like, “You must be very happy doing something so interesting so well.” Now add to that a sort of uneven smile and a warm welcoming expression, and you have a master of diplomacy, a man capable of aggressive friendship, and an irresistible companion in spirit.

There were vast areas of Harry’s life that never came up in conversation with him. His wife Judy told me recently that he was born in 1915 in New Jersey; that he spent much of his time as a preadolescent stalking museums, drinking in paintings, particularly Baroque-Era angels or Saint Cecilias holding some sort of stringed instrument. For these instruments in general, and the violin in particular, were his first love, and to get a clumsy metaphor over before it even gets started, he remained true to this early love all his life.

He became engrossed by the violin as only a young, intensely intelligent boy can become engrossed in such a wondrous thing: in its sound, in the performance of it, and in the building of it. It wouldn’t surprise me at all to learn that Harry never really considered this interest, this passion, this ability to search out all the great secrets of art and civilized existence through a single manifestation of this greatness (a sound-producing box made of maple and pine and sheep intestines and I shudder to think what else) to be unusual.

I don’t imagine he was pleased, but he certainly wasn’t thrown by the fact that he was coming to manhood during the Depression, and that an occupation more likely to bring in money on a fairly regular basis was not only in order, but mandatory. So during his college years at Rutgers, studies of agricultural science and economics took up much of his immediate concern. The fiddle, however, was not to take a back seat. A side seat, maybe.

Harry’s sort of intelligence was far more penetrating than the average man’s: more piercing, and more encompassing. He could talk at length about world political problems from an almost bewildering variety of viewpoints. Harry could, with a soft, warmly-inflected voice, take your mind out through these byways and let it find its way to a higher, more sensitive view of the world. And he did this with no deviousness whatsoever, and certainly no effort. Great compassion for humanity, for his wife, for his dogs, for his friends, probably for his enemies if he ever acknowledged any, weighed on him as lightly as a Mendelssohn Scherzo.

When Judy told me that Harry was called by the State Department to serve as Agricultural Attaché to the American Embassy in Budapest from 1945 through 1949, at a time when diplomats and agricultural experts of the highest caliber were in demand, and that he served in a similar capacity in Denmark from 1949 to 1951, I wasn’t too much surprised. You know why? Harry mentioned to me that he knew about the fabulous Hungarian violinist and teacher, Jeno Hubay, at almost first hand, that he had studied in Budapest with Zathuretzky, the great Hungarian violinist and pedagogue, and that he could describe all the shortcomings and strengths of the Danish-Hungarian violinist Henry Temianka. When he perceived that I was genuinely impressed by these contacts, and would probably be less so with his diplomatic coups, we somehow became friends. And when Judy mentioned that Harry went out of his way to sponsor embassy concerts by starving Hungarian musicians immediately after the war, and said it as though she (and he) took such activities as a matter of course, I was impressed by this even more than I was to learn that John Kennedy summoned him to the White House to be Deputy Director of the Food For Peace program, and he was kept in that position by President Johnson.

I was not terribly impressed with his next title: Director of Marketing and Technical Services for the National Stockpile Program of the General Services Administration. I must assume he made a go of it, for the reason for his departure from the position in 1974 was a heart attack, the first serious manifestation of the disease that would cause his death twelve years later.

Judy, whom he met in Budapest in 1948 in the third year of his Hungarian assignment, joined with others in urging him to retire. Well, Harry knew many words in several different languages, but he apparently never caught the hang of “retirement.” Guess what stringed instrument was waiting to take over his attention!

Both photos courtesy of Mrs. Judith Bretan LeBovit.

In his home he had room for a workshop, and he had collected woods from all over the world and a vast understanding of the nature of the beast. At what point he became a violin maker is hard for me to say. At what point he became a master luthier, I’m sure it would have been impossible for him to say, for that is a rarified altitude, and granted that perfection is impossible to achieve, when such mastery is reached, there invariably sets in the not-at-all-unpleasant awareness of how much farther one has to travel.

Harry’s status as a master builder is still being assessed in the world of music, but whatever it turns out eventually to be, he would surely demean it, for he never reached a point where he was completely satisfied. His constant, avid, and affectionate hunger to know and understand the nature of the work of art he held in his hands was the direct dynamic counterpart of his eagerness to understand what the larger world was about.

One had to know him for some time to perceive that Harry was something of a warrior, because he approached warfare with calm, with devotion, and with a sense of pacing which symbolized the inner workings of his mind.

One of his great campaigns involved the remarkable case of Judy’s father. As someone who had never heard of Nicolae Bretan, I was tempted to believe he would turn out to be a rather minor composer, for he was not celebrated openly in his own country or on the larger world scene. Harry’s part of Judy’s tireless fight to correct the wrongs of the regime of her native land against her father (who indeed proved to be a composer of world stature) was typical of the way he approached life: Become convinced in your own mind and soul that something should be done; set your goals; plan your strategy; and go about it with the same pace, devotion, and energies as the opposition.

He became a top-rate sound engineer, and methodically taped every performance of Bretan’s music in Europe and in the U.S. The Advent Recording Company and The Musical Heritage Society used Harry’s recordings to put out three records of Bretan lieder. The results are a practically complete coverage of this composer’s output. It is sad to think that the victory that is appearing on the horizon will be shared mainly by Judy, but on second thought, Harry knew that if the victory were to be sweet, the battle would have to be long, deliberate, well-planned, and that patience would be vital.

I don’t think there are many people who met him or talked with him for any length of time who won’t remark warmly on Harry’s openly expressed and gilt-edged fascination as to their work, their interests, and their victories. I still can’t quite grasp the inner motivation of a person who holds everyone he meets with such immediate concern and easy communicativeness.

And, miracle of miracles, he asked more questions of his friends than he offered solutions. The game went something like this: “Did you see Menhuin on CBS last night?” And off we’d go with a rehashing of all we knew of the great Yehudi (Harry, who knew him personally, would always have the inside track on any such discussion) and a new synthesis would be created in both our minds. If I dwell at length on those subjects which I would eagerly toss at Harry LeBovit in the certain knowledge that they would be tossed back with the deftness of a skilled player playing around a less-skilled one, I know full well that he had sparring partners in the fields of gardening, landscaping, photography, architecture, sports, cars, dogs, politics, and what else?

I will even treasure the poignant moments: When we had to say goodnight when we’d solved only a dozen or so of the world’s problems; a few moments in the hospital when an incessantly babbling young nurse’s aide kept mispronouncing his name and he simply sent a patient and rueful glance at me. It was tough seeing him weak and tired, but it was at the same time a deeply reassuring confirmation to see that despite pain, the insecurity of life, gambling with ever-decreasing chances of any lengthy cure, Harry was unimpressed by the specter of death. Concerned, yes, but not cowed. To see that the mind, body, and soul that he’d been given some three score and ten years earlier had been cared for, expanded, and treasured to the fullest. The sparkle of joy in his eyes burned a trifle lower at the end, but it warmed all the deeper.

Harry was a man worthy of all our admiration and sorrow. ◆